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Even when not required by environmental regulations, the following best practices are recommended. In some instances, best practices presented here are actually required by regulations.
Acid Storage/Use
For safe acid storage and handling, adhere to the following:
- Always store acids in a cabinet whose material of construction is compatible with an acid.
- The etching process should always take place in the acid hood with adequate ventilation.
- When mixing baths, always add acid to water and not the reverse.
- Utilise the proper safety equipment/devices such as eye protection,
emergency eye-washer and shower.
Aerosols/Paint Management
- Implement a "first in, first out" use pattern for aerosol cans and order new cans on an as needed basis to ensure that cans are used up prior to opening new cans.
- Carefully determine whether spent aerosol cans are hazardous or non-hazardous. If contents and/or propellant remain(s) in the can, it is likely a hazardous waste; if there is neither content nor propellant, then it is likely a non-hazardous waste.
- To minimise disposal costs, ensure that truly empty aerosol
containers are either sent to a scrap-metal recycler or disposed
of in the waste.
- Minimise excess liquid paint by making efficient use of paint
"poured" for use, i.e., use what you pour.
Paints and Glazes Waste Minimisation
In order to reduce the impacts of waste disposal on the environment and to
reduce waste disposal costs, try to minimise the generation of hazardous
waste. This can be done by the following:
- Try to use water based paint instead of oil based paint whenever possible.
- Buy only the quantity of material that you need to complete your project.
- If paint or other materials are left over see if someone else
can use them. Donate - don't dispose! Check out Community
Re>paint
- Train staff in proper painting techniques to improve painting efficiencies.
- Use powder coats instead of liquid paints where applicable.
- Bulk compatible paints into approved containers and transport to an approved paint recycler.
- Establish an agreement with paint distributor to take back unused paint.
- Store paint properly to extend its useful life, storing it in a location where it will not freeze.
- Dry up small quantities of latex paint that don't meet the hazardous waste definition and dispose of this material in the regular trash.
- Place aerosol cans that have no pressure and no content through
normal use into the regular waste or scrap metal recycling.
- Investigate the use of non-heavy metal based glazes.
Waste Handling and Disposal
Best practices related to waste handling and disposal include the following suggested activities:
- Perform regular housekeeping activities in waste storage areas.
- Reuse or recycle materials whenever possible.
- Inspect waste management areas for spills and waste management containers
for leaks.
- Track waste generated, evaluate the process generating the waste and look
for ways to reduce waste generation.
- Characterise waste streams.
- Find substitutes for harmful chemicals; properly dispose of unusable chemical
inventory.
- Segregate and separate wastes.
- Do not dispose of liquid wastes such as oils or hazardous materials
into waste containers or drains.
- Maintain adequate supplies of spill response equipment and materials in
accessible locations near areas where spills may be likely to occur.
- Perform and document in a logbook periodic inspections of hazardous and
non-hazardous waste storage areas.
Printing Waste Minimisation
In order to reduce the impacts of waste disposal on the environment and to
reduce waste disposal costs, try to minimise the generation of hazardous
waste. This can be done by the following:
- To decrease the number of cleanings required for each press,
dedicate presses to specific colors or special inks.
- Dispose of solvents by sending them to a fuel blending service,
which combines these and other wastes for burning at industrial
boilers or kilns.
- Clean ink fountains only when changing colors when there is
a risk of ink drying.
- Run similar jobs simultaneously to reduce waste volume.
- Isolate inks contaminated with hazardous cleanup solvents from
non-contaminated inks.
- For rags and disposable wipers contaminated with solvents (if
allowable, meaning, if not characteristically hazardous [ignitable
-D001] and saturated, or if not a listed solvent) send them to
laundry service. Check with your EH&S state to see if this
is acceptable.
- Use organic solvent alternatives, such as detergent or soap,
non-hazardous blanket washes, and less toxic acetic acid solvents
wherever possible,
- Squeegee or wipe surfaces clean before washing with solvent.
- Implement inventory controls to avoid overstocking of inks,
solvents, and other printing chemicals.
Employee Training
Training employees in proper procedures to reduce your facility's impact on the environment is a best practice. More detailed training information is provided in the regulatory requirements sections of the EVC. Employee training may include the following:
- Spill response training for personnel who handle hazardous materials,
- Hazardous materials management.
Silver Recovery Options
Using a silver recovery process may save you money and allow you to avoid handling many materials used/produced as part of the photo developing process as hazardous waste. Suitable recycling methods include:
Hazardous waste management firm - Developer/fixer disposal can be handled through an off-site silver reclamation facility that is licensed to accept hazardous waste. Make certain you obtain the appropriate copies of the manifests and any certificates of reclamation for shipments sent to these companies.
Operate your own silver recovery unit - Purchase and use your own silver recovery unit on-site. Operating this type of unit will require certain regulatory obligations. Make certain that the concentrations of silver in your recovery process waste are allowable to be discharged to the local sewer system.
Photo Development Process
- When mixing powdered developers, ensure proper ventilation (this
is required by OSHA), preferably with a fume cupboard.
- Ensure good ventilation of the darkroom with between 10 and 20 air changes
per hour.
- Wear gloves and goggles when handling photochemicals.
- To prevent evaporation or release of toxic vapours and gases, cover all
solutions when not in use.
- Replace other highly toxic developers such as catechin, chlorquinol, or
pyrogallol with less toxic developers such as phenidone.
- Keep hypo eliminators away from sources of heat.
- Read the updated Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) on all chemicals used
in the developing of film. MSDSs must be available to employees at all times.
- Eliminate trip hazards by keeping containers off the floor.
- Do not store chemicals that may react with each other in the same area.
- Do not eat, smoke or drink in the facility.
- Using a pre-made liquid developer is safer than mixing powdered
developers. If powdered chemicals must be mixed, do so in a fume
cupboard or glove box.
- All darkrooms should have eyewash stations that connect to the
water supply and use "hands-free" operation. Label containers
of photochemicals. Neutralise any acid spills using a buffering
agent prior to cleaning up with inert or other non-reactive adsorbents;
use acid spill kits for small to medium size spills.Use a damp
towel or sponge to clean up spills of dusts and powders. Photochemicals
with a pH of less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal
to 12.5 (pH <=2 or pH >=12.5) must not be poured down the
drain.
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